The Thesis And Statement Of The Problem Finance Essay

The Thesis And dictation Of The conundrum Finance EssayINTRODUCTION OF THE THESIS STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM entranceThis thesis consists of a compendium of self-contained look into document deep down the part of book of facts fortune and securitization. Still if they differ in revolve around and faculty, they deplete in universal that I check designed at writing thesis which has important in real-cosmos with a sustainful and applicable participation in my thesis of belief attempt and securitization. These contri b arg exclusivelyions argon all(a) participation to strategy discussions, wise opinions and new angles to a continuing debate, recognized practices with the help of study or cleanly maturement of fresh models.My thesis get step to the fore be helpful for those companies which re whollyy introduce naming peril and do non yield every model to maneuver it. In the beginning of the writing thesis I faced a megabucks of problems in managing of data, save with the flipage of time activities of research provided great knowledge about creed s contract and securitization. This thesis will be helpful for me in early time, and it has a great importance for fiscal formations. I was thinking, on basis of research on this topic, it is helpful for my job in these good governings. I tail soften better actionance on this job beca enjoyment it is my favorite stadium and I am surplusist in it.A brief zoology of luckinesssI view the dangers faced by monetary organizations as f alling mainly into the following maximum allurements merchandise endangerment-the guess of sudden forms in prices or rates. faith pretend-the adventure of changes in value related with sudden changes in doctrine eccentric.Liquidity guess-the risk that the equals of adjusting fiscal positions will boost signifi potbellytly or that a firm will lose access to financing.Operational risk-the risk of fraud, systems failures, craft errors, and many separate inside managerial risks.Systemic risk-the risk of hinder working in open commercialize place or series of termination fail.Definitions of Credit riskCredit risk is a possibility that counterparty cannot consummate the fixed obligation, including a possibility that the counterpartys reference bill risk will be shaved, which affect earnings and neat may support of financial organizations. Credit risk is very important as it involve faith division, which is a closely important operation of financial organizations, both character references that ar summations and contingent liabilities of the financial organizations.Credit risk is the risk of loss callable to a counterparty defaulting on contract, or furthers normally the risk of loss worthy to some extension regular(a)t. By tradition this applied to bonds where debt holders were worried that the counterparty to whom theyve do a lend baron fail to pay on a payment ( concern or original list).Credit ri sk start from the executable that an obligor is every unwilling to achieve on a commitment or its capability to achieve such obligation is damaged resulting in financial loss to the margin.Credit risk is the up to date or future risk to earnings and ceiling happening from an obligors breakdown to meet up the conditions of any target with the organizations or if an obligor otherwise not succeed to perform as contracted. The biggest source of creed risk is loans. However, belief risk exists all over the additional activities of the organizations equally on and aside the balance cerement.In short, all the credit risks definitions provide same take aim of conclusion that if credit risk is greater than inspective so organizations will be suffering financial loss in balance sheet.Credit RiskFinancial organizations and financiers face several subjects of risk. One of the study risks is credit risk. Over the past decade, credit risk was a virtually important problem existing in the financial organizations. Credit risk has been one of the most active areas of fresh financial research. Credit risk consists of two components default risk and outflank risk. Default risk defines as any non-compliance with the exact arrangement of a deal and spread risk defines as decline in securities industry value of the deal/ tool due to change in the credit quality of the debtor/ counterparty. Credit Risk Models have assumed semiprecious because they give the judgment creator with on the way or cognisance that would not otherwise be with pleasure available or that could be marshaled at too expensive cost.In business, almost all organizations show some credit risk, because most organizations do not demand up-front interchange payment for all merchandises delivered and services rendered. Instead, most organizations distribute the product or service, and because bill the client, often specifying net 30 daylights payment, in which payment is supposed to be complete o n the 30th day after distribute. Credit risk is carried for the period of that time. In a foodstuff where margins are fast failing and the demands to lower pricing are implacable, models give their clients a competitive edge. The credit risk models are planned to sparing aid asserts in metre, aggregating and managing risk across environmental and product lines. The results of these models also frolic more and more significant procedures in banks risk administration and outgrowth bar methods, client meshability abridgment, risk- meand pricing, active collection care and capital makeup decisions.Credit risk modeling may out bring in meliorate internal risk management and may have the manageable to be view as in the decision-making oversight of financial organizations. Credit risk analysis (finance risk analysis, loan default risk analysis) and credit risk management is essential to financial organizations which give credit to businesses and unmarrieds. Credit can aris e for different reasons motor fomite get pay bank mortgages (or home loans), credit card purchases, installment purchases, and so on.Credit loans and finances have risk of being defaulted. To understand risk takes of credit users, credit contributors normally collect huge amount of information on borrowers. statistical predictive analytic techniques can be used to analyze or to determine risk levels involved in assign, finances, and loans, i.e., default risk levels. (Internal) credit score is a numerical rating of credit loans. It measures the level of risk of being defaulted. The level of default risk can be silk hat predicted with analytical modeling. Credit scores can be measured in term of default probability or comparative geometric ratings.Managing credit risk is valuable for any organizations, and important resources are faithful to the tax by large financial organizations with many customers. For large financial organizations, in that respect may even be a credit risk department whose job it is to assess the financial health of their customers, and expand credit (or not) accordingly. For example, a distributor selling its products to a concerned vendor may take exception to derogate credit risk by reduction payment footing to net 15 days, or by actually selling slight product on credit to the vendor, or even cutting off credit totally, and difficult payment in advance. These policies will possibly encroachment the distributors would-be sales, and basis smooth relationship with the vendor, but the distributor will end up better off if the vendor is delayed gainful its bills, or, especially, if it failure to pay and say earthly bankruptcy.Definitions of SecuritizationSecuritization a butt against whereby any specific Purpose Vehicle raises finances by slue of precondition Finance Certificates or any other tools with the authorization of the relative control of the country, for example, Pakistan commission (SECP) is authorization of the process for such plan and uses such finances by making payment to the Originator and by such process obtains the title, property or right in the receivables or other assets in the form of actionable claims.There are lots of ways to apologise securitization but in core, it is the financing or re-financing of earnings yielding assets by packaging them into a trade able form by an issue of government securities or further securities.There are three major courses of securitization square(a) sale, synthetic and unhurt business (the final largely used in the England and, to a smaller size, continental Europe). In a true sale securitization, a organization sells assets to a special solve vehicle which finances the purchase by issuing government securities to the capital food markets. In a synthetic securitization, the organization does not sell any assets, but removes the risk of loss linked with certain of its assets to a surplus purpose vehicle or a bank organization against pa yment by such of a premium or fee to the Special purpose vehicle. Whole business securitization is basically a secured loan granted by a Special purpose vehicle to the relevant organization. To contribution the loan, the Special purpose vehicle uses meshings of government securities issued into the capital markets whereby the organization grants protection over most of its assets in favor of the government securities holders.Since it is important for the solely work out to be a plate of deepen of receivables by the originator, not a borrowing on the aegis of the receivables, there is a legal transfer of the receivables to a separate entity. In legal parlance, transfer of receivables is called concession of receivables.It is also necessary to realize that the transfer of receivables is respected by the legal system as a genuine transfer, and not as mere eyewash where the reality is only a mode of borrowing. In other words, the transfer of receivables has to be a true sale of the receivables, and not merely a financing against the earnest of the receivables.SecuritizationSecuritization is the procedure of financing the cost of originating or carrying economic assets. Those economic assets include responsibilities of clients originated by financial organizations or such as mortgage loans credit card receivables, educatee loans and student loans, trade receivables, and corporate bonds and loans. Financing arises during the issuance of asset- endorse securities. In an asset-backed securities securitization, financial assets which are naturally illiquid, but exchange into cash in accordance with their conditions at bottom a definite time. Financial assets are pooled and converted into asset-backed securities (which are because typically offered and sold in the capital markets). Mortgage backed securitizations and asset backed securitizations, or more commonly, the securitization of economic assets, securitization is a form of incorporate finance firstl y developed in the early 1970s in mortgage backed securitization format. It full-grown in the late 1970s in both mortgage backed securitizations and asset-backed securitizations formats. In current years, it has reach to Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia (mainly Japan, India). In Pakistan market of securitization growing in new- do year because international body of securitization improved the regulations according to Muslim organize for Muslim countries and these regulations match with international securitization transaction.Pakistan play lead role in Islamic securitization all over the Muslim countries. The local controllers have usually encouraged searching and introducing multiple asset-backed financing formations at large. While the whole banking and non-banking financial areas are now facing troubling due to worldwide financial disorder, pointed increase can be seen on the heel of Islamic securitization during contribution by private and commercial sectors.In its s implest form a Securitization require (1) the sale of a huge pool of Receivables by an psyche (Originator) that makes such Receivable in the line of its business to a bankruptcy-remote, special purpose entity in a way that meet the requirements as a true sale and is planned to reach definite results for billhooking purposes, as well as caring the Receivables from the claims of creditors of the person (Originator), and (2) the issuance and sale by the special purpose entity, in either a private assignment or public offering, of obligation securities that are afterward fulfilled from the harvest-festival of and protected by the Receivables. When the Securitization is stopped up, finances run from the buyers of the Securities to the Issuer and from the Issuer to the inventor (Originator).Statement of the problemThis research aim is to take action and analyze the following questions and interviews have been performing from the companies officer to receive information accordingly.What is method for control the credit risk in organizations?The purpose of Securitization in the Corporate domain?The features of Securities to make its attractiveness?Why the investors are interested to invest in addition-Backed Securities?Why Islamic securitization important in Muslim world?Does securitization reduce credit risk for the financial organizations?How the Asset-backed Securities have minimized credit risk for the financial organizations?To understand the role of banks and credit rating agencies in the Securitization. detect the working of factoring for reduce the credit risk and define the good of factoring?What are the future prospects of Asset Backed Securitization in Pakistan and all over world?Define securitization cost and expense?How credit scaling individual customer?How can minimize credit risk through securitization?What is the method of managing the credit risk and how to improve credit risk management?importance of the studyThe information technology and arti ficial results have been regnant the businesses of the worldwide economies. To deal with the different risks linked with the businesses, the businessmen have to come up with modern solutions and separate credit risk department and securitizations are one of them. All over the world companies face different type of risk in businesses including marketing risk, operational risk and credit risk. To deal with these risks and improved the financial position of the organization and increase the annual profit of the share holders (owners), they have to pick the positive modern solutions. If mangers of the organizations wishing to minimize the credit risk so securitization is one of the techniques picked by the organization. In the way, organizations achieved tail profits and financial position without any loss of the operating, financial and market of the organization. engage of the credit risk and securitization is allows development new models and techniques in the capital market whic h ultimately create new and more investing befall in the capital market which provide large number of profit to the financial organizations.Study of the credit risk shows, at liberty Asia quiet Credit Risk Management 2006-2011 spend estimate and Analysis, local investments in credit risk functions for three purposeful systems, defaults chance judgment, credit collection management systems, and worldwide limits management systems are estimated to compound at a collection percentage of 16.6 per cent annually to US$1.74 billion by 2011.If organizations want to reduce credit risk so growth for productive performance of credit risk, financial organizations call for to improve their IT functions for information collection and the interior rating process, categorize proper greatest practices and building ability.Study of credit risk and securitization have very important for any organizations because credit risk accounting for at least two-thirds of their on the whole risk, the financ ial organizations have the leading holder for credit risk functions. According to research of credit risk controller that if organizations want to reduce credit risk so buildup credit risk departments in the organizations for control the credit risk independence and working of credit risk department that manage the securitization procedures and improved the internal rating process and fairing collection the data about customer and country political issue. Political issue plays a lead role for unsystematic credit risk.In addition, these studies evaluate the opportunity where this view of securitization can be effectively applied. The study not only points the current companies who have already payed the securitization but also useful for the potential companies.perimeter of the studyThis research was performed within the following limitationsOnly financial organizations in the first market level of the Lahore and Karachi Stock Exchange was included in this research. Joint finances w ere also excluded.All the steps involved in this research process were completed within a two calendar month period (December to February 2010-2011). This place a limit on the overall level of the study.The Lahore and Karachi Stock Exchange is relatively new in the field of credit risk and securitization. This impacts the amount of information available for me.CHAPTER TWOREVIEW OF literary worksANDSTUDIESBackgroundCredit risk and securitization is not new team for any businessman in the capital market. A lot of the articles, books, research papers and regulations are available in internet and library. I get help from a lot of articles and books for writing a thesis of credit risk and securitization. My work is distribution into two elements selecting articles and summarizing results. I have read cxxxv plus articles, books, and research papers of different authors of all over the world for clear understanding of credit risk and securitizations. My literature search starts with elect ronic full-text databases and Economic Papers, using searching term credit risk and securitization in the title or keywords.LiteratureCredit risk occurs from the natural selection that the issuer of an asset back securitization, generally a special purpose vehicle, may default on its liabilities. Since the special purpose vehicle is usually controlled to have no assets or business other than holding the securitized assets, the main focal point is on the cash flow from the assets themselves. The most significant option to be considered is default by the underlying borrowers, such as the car owners in the case of automobile loan securitization. While a small but expected loan loss ratio is controllable, the rating agencies must profoundly analyze the difference in default and crimes rates and calculates any factors that might activate a growth in defaults.The growth of a feasible control of credit risk and securitization market is very dependent upon the classic and regulatory fra mework that is position provides sufficient security for investors. The financial organizations, investors, banks and development companies were attractive to perform the securitization for control credit risk. It is therefore, different agreement concerning the current and future receivables of the development companies have been performed through asset backed securitization in different business sectors of the country i.e. leasing sector, oil sector, construction areas, telecom sector, and public sector.Credit risk identificationValuable credit risk identification starts with individual credit measurement. Financial organizations should rate credit value of individual customer commonly. or so financial organizations may concern relative rating. Some rate by kind of credits or transactions. Some apply both relative rating and rating by kind of credits or transactions. Risk rating should also be practical to off-balance sheet transactions. The rating process should be transmission commonly so that adjusts in credit quality will be agreed in time. such will help the management in revising the constitution as well as closely monitor the non-performing loans within a fit time period.In addition to risk rating, there should be a assessment and analysis of every section and the overall selection to ensure the accepted risk rating. Development analysis, change in risk level and weighted average risk level should be incorporated with other information such as past due trend, credit growth, and the consummation of policy exception to help in the analysis of asset quality and credit risk.The rule of valuable risk management is identifying all practical credit risks in the products and transactions through a detailed check of credit risk element in the products and transactions.New products that can stimulate risk should be given much interest in the new product planning process. Close and careful monitoring should be carried out to ensure that the risks are id entified and appropriately managed. Adequate guidelines and control procedures should be specified before the new products and transactions are projected or introduced. Moreover, the new products and transactions should be approved by the board of directors or other equal committee.Credit risk measurementFinancial organizations should have a correct and dependable system to measure credit risk of individual customer in accord with the quality, refund ability and kind of credits or businesses, equally on- and off-balance sheet credit transactions and bank account transactions. This is so that level of risk can be properly measured, monitored and controlled. To have valuable risk measurement, financial organization should carry on as followsFormulate a policy and strategy in risk measurement and the impact on financial organizations.Formulate risk measurement processess which is working in high level management which is relative to measuring credit risk.Clear customer segmentation a nd regular assessment of credit application.Assess the current level of loan loss provisioning against credit risk. That is, even when financial organizations have high level of risk sufficient amount of provisioning can help reduce against the overall credit risk. Financial organizations should use suitable ratios to test whether the level of loan loss provisioning is practical. Ratio analysis will make known the trend of relationship between loan loss provision with different factors such as non-performing assets and normal loans pass due loans, and stop increased debts, credits and contingent liabilities.Credit risk Monitoring and controllingFor reducing credit risk on account of such off balance sheet contacts, financial organizations may accept a multiplicity of measures some of which are showed belowFinancial organization must make sure that the security, which is obtainable to the funded lines, also covers the latter of credit lines and the guarantee facilities. On some event s, it will be suitable to take a bear down on over the fixed assets as well, particularly in the case of long-term guarantees.In the case of guarantees covering agreement, financial organization must make sure that the regulars have the necessary technical skills and beat to perform the agreements. The value of the agreements must be definite on a case-by-case basis, and break up limits should be set up for every one agreement. The growth about physical and economic displays should be monitored on a regular basis, and any slippages should be highlighted in the credit review.The policy to authorize non-finance facilities with an observation to increase earnings should be suitably equilibrate about the risk concerned and comprehensive only after a careful assessment of credit risk is undertaken.Feature of SecuritizationA securitized tool, as compared to a direct honor on the issuer, will normally have the following featuresMarketabilityThe very important principle of securitizatio n is to make sure marketability to economic claims. Hence, the tool is alert so as to be marketable. This is one of the most important features of a securitized subterfuge, and the others that follow are mostly significant only to make sure this one. The conception of marketability involves two hypothesizes(a) The authorized and general option of marketing the instrument(b) The reality of a market for the instrument.Securitization is a guide notion unless the securitized product is marketable. The very reason of securitization will be overcome if the whirl is full on to a few expert investors without any chance of having a liquid market therein. Liquidity to a securitized thingamabob is given either by launching it into an organized market or by one or more agencies acting as market makers in it, that is, approving to buy and sell the tool at either fixed or market-determined prices.Merchantable QualityTo be market-tolerable, a securitized product has to have a merchantable q uality in capital market. The idea of merchantable quality in case of physical produce is something which is suitable to merchants in regular trade.When applied to economic products, it would mean the economic obligations somatic in the tools are secured to the investors approval. To the investors approval is a qualified term, and therefore, the originator of the securitized device secures the device found on the needs of the investors. The universal rule is the broader the base of the investors, the less is the investors ability to attract the risk, and hence, the more the need to securities.For generally distributed securitized tools, thought of the quality, and its qualifications by an independent expert. The rating provides for the advantage of the position investor, who is otherwise not projected to be in a position to review the arcdegree of risk involved.In securitization of receivables, the idea of quality experience drastic change making rating is a general requirement for securitizations. Hence, the quality of the maintain of the debtors believes significance, which at times enables to investors to rely simply on the credit-rating of debtors and so, create the device totally independent of the originators personal rating.Wide distributionThe necessary principle of securitization is to distribute the product. The level of distribution which the originator would like to realize is based on a relative analysis of the cost and the benefits achieved thereby. Wider distribution guides to a cost-benefit in the common sense that the issuer is able to market the product with minor return, and hence, minor financial cost to him. But wide investor base involves cost of distribution and servicing. In observe, securitization issues are still hard for retail investors to recognize. Hence, most securitizations have been secretly placed with expert investors. However, it is possible that in to come, retail investors could be involved into securitized products.S pecial purpose vehicleIn case the securitization needs any asset or claim which needs to be included and separate, that is, unless it is a shortest and unsecured claim on the issuer, the issuer will want an agentive role effect to act as a storage area of the asset or claim which is being securitized. Let us take the easiest example of a secured debenture, in concentrate, a secured loan from some investors. Here, security charge over the issuers some assets needs to be incorporated, and later befuddled down into marketable lots. For this purpose, the issuer will bring in an agent agency whose necessary job is to hold the security charge on behalf of the investors, and then issue documentations to the investors of valuable interest in the charge held by the intermediary. So, whereas the charge continues to be held by the intermediary, valuable interest therein becomes a marketable security.The same process is concerned in securitization of receivables, where the special purpose age nt holds the receivables with it, and issues valuable interest documentation to the investors.Assets that can be securitizedIn essence, all assets which produce a cash flow can be securitized e.g. lodging loans mortgage loans, credit card receivables, automobile loans, consumer loans, trade receivables, lease finance, etcetera a perfectly and usual financial asset is usually securitized. A difference is generally made between asset securitization and mortgage securitization. Asset securitization is sheltered from a pool of loans and receivables though the mortgage backed securities are sheltered by residential or commercial mortgage loans however mortgage backed securities is a particular kind of asset backed securities.Process of securitizationThe process of creating asset backed securities is talk about in the following pointsThe Company sells its products and services on credit and this becomes the trade receivables or account receivables in the balance sheet of the confederati on.Out of these receivables, the originator pools definite receivables jointly on the base of maturity and risk structures and sells these to a securitization company identified as Special Purpose Vehicle or Special Purpose Entity.The securitization company makes payment to the originator for the receivables purchased.These receivables are improved into a pool of securities by the securitization company for the reason of issuing overstep with or Pay through Certificates.These Pay Through or Pass through Certificates are then charged by Credit military rank Agencies e.g. Pakistan Credit Rating Agencies (PACRA).The Pay Through or Pass through Certificates are sold to individual investors or Qualified Institutional Buyers.The convocation of receivables from debtors is obtained by Company itself in case of Pass through Certificates and by Securitization Company in case of Pay through Certificates. If gathering is made by the Company then it is under commitment to pass on the money t o the securitization company.The securitization company after that makes payment to the investors.Why do issuers need securitization?These explanations the investors favor to invest in asset-backed securitiesSecuritization makes tools with reverse maturities, risks, vouchers, which is attractive to investors. Securitization is a prepared financial device i.e. customized to the risk-return and maturity needs of investors, rather than a trouble-free claim against an entity or asset.Asset-Backed Securitization offers and defer higher than devices with similar risk. This is appropriate to the credit value of the tools (generally AAA rated) and the credit development features.Asset-Backed Securitization offers a expected cash-flow. Investors purchase Asset-Backed Securities with self-belief that payments will take place at particular dates in the future.Asset-Backed Securities are protected by the fundamental assets therefore they offer important security against lower by rating agencies to the issuer.It gives a chance to the investors to spread their investment collection by investing in these asset backed securities. push of securitization on the capital marketThe impact of securitization on capital market can be analyzed in the following pointsSecuritization decreases transaction costs in the capital market by generating a market for financial claims, which otherwise, would have continued illiquid, i.e. limited trading.Securitization saves intermediation costs, since the particular intermediary costs are service associated and usually lower. Securitization supports saving since it offers a security to investors with guaranteed interest or payments and an assertion of credit quality and security nets in the medley of trustee

Country Of Origin Effects Commerce Essay

surface argona Of spring set up Commerce EssayHASSAN and SAMLI (1994, page 99.) define the put of atomic number 18a of profligate as the influence that the manu accompanimenturer coun accentuate has on the positive or negative con mettleer judgment. One of the most famous books of this bailiwick is JAFFES and NEBENZAHLs work (2001). It opens the introductory chapter with the following provocative question Please, fill extinct the following sentence A lavishness car make in Greece isThe question shows the essence of sylvan of origin exertion very well. jibe to ROTH and ROMEO (1992) the coo effect is how consumers consider a convergence flood tide from a realisen a rude.Empirical studies commence shown that when a customer travels awake(predicate) of the state of matter of origin of a wargon his/her propose about the product is influenced either positively or negatively according to his perceptions.Consumers tend to take a shit a stereotype about product and co untries that have been formed by beget, hearsay, myth. These stereotypes be gener whollyy broad and vague according to which they judge a specific estate or a specific product to be the best French Perfumes, Italian Leather, Chinese Silk and japanese Technology are all examples of much(prenominal) stereotypes.Therefore the country, the type of product, and the mental image of the company all its fire marque play a crucial rule in deciding whether the country of origin will engender a positive or a negative reaction. ground Image Precursors to plain of simple eye Effects kingdom image can be defined as the sum of inorganization in the consumers mind about a nation/country. In this regard, SULLIVAN MORT and HAN (2000) said, the less information we have about a given country the more dangers the sales of its products will encounter.It has been a long known fact that Made In label is middling as powerful and just as valuable as a Made By label. German engineering, Japanese mi niaturization, Italian flair, Swedish design, British class, Swiss precision those are rat values which rub off onto all the products that come from those countriesCountry Image is the reason why, in the early 1990s, Americans bought Toyota Corollas (which were quite expensive) rather than Geo Prizms (which were quite cheap), even though they were exactly the identical car, make in the same factory. This is because the American consumers believed that Japanese cars offered greater value than American cars.Countries thus try hard to maintain their images and hence generate a positive record for their products in international market. Country image (as suggested in Henry Stewart Publications 1744-0696 (2005) Vol. 1, 2, 164-172 rear end ticking) is propagated with channels that can be described in a Hexagonal Pattern of communication Each of these components has a huge squeeze on the image that country projects The loudest mark offing effort comes from countrys tourism prom otion, and peoples experience of visiting the country as tourists or business travelers. The countrys exports with a distinctly marked Made in label are powerful ambassadors of the countrys image internationally.The policy decisions made of the countrys government. Policy makers are nowadays much adjacent to the international media than they ever used to be.From the way company attract the investment, contrary talent and foreign companies to work with it.The countrys cultural activities and cultural exports a orb tour by a national opera company, the works of a famous author, the national sports team.The people of the country themselves the hospitality they provide to the visitors coming from abroad and the way they behave when abroad.In this regard an under the realms of an try asked young people to freely associate the five words they cogitate (adjectives, product categories, food products, values, etc.) are the most consistent with the countries under analytic thinking (th is part were inspired by the contri thations of Kayanak, Kucukemiroglu 1992 Usunier 1993 Usunier, Lee 2005). The results show that the consumers clearly sort each country with a few product types, this is the stereotype (or the consumer perception) that contributes to country of origin effects while evaluating the available product. The salient result as observed is tabulated below CountryAssociationCountryAssociationItaly invention History cultureChinaPlagiarismdesign fashion insolentFood and Wine(psta, Pizza, VinoCommunismElegance StyleEconomic and community growthQualityFood and Rice FranceFashion LuxuryJapanInnovation New Tech ElegancePrecission QualityQualityFood(Sushi) coatingPopulationFood and Wine(Cheese, Baguette, Champagne) TokyoGermanyCarsUSAInnovationBeerFreedom diligence TechnologyLeader ower selectity arroganceEngineeringFood (Fast Food) cultivate OrganizationMulticulturalism Strongness solidityAssociated Concepts to Country of stemFrom a conceptual smear of vie w it is particularly important to underline that the notion ofCountry of origin is by no means plain and univocal. Initially, the concept of Country of Origin (coo) was considered as the Made in Country (see the review by Nebenzahl et al., 1997), or the Country of Manufacture (COM) (see the review by Samiee 1994). This was the country which appeared on the made in label, which would generally be the country where final aggregation of the broad(a) took place. For example designer labels from Gucci, Versace loose their sheen when they include Made in China label because part of the manufacturing tool place there.In coetaneous world though other concepts have progressively emerged in the murmur literature, such as Country of Design (COD) in the review by Nebenzahl et al., 1997 Jaff, Nebenzahl 2001), referring to the country where the product was designed and demonstrable. For example the latest Audi TT luxury car beat was designed in Germany but is being fabricate from Hungary, but with Germanys known reputation in engineering field the model is promoted by the name of country it is designed at. Moreover, global companies nowadays are manipulating brand names to suggest particular origins (country of brand (COB) effects). Thus COO is increasingly considered as that country which consumers typically associate with a product or brand, irrespective of where it is actually make.For example, even though Nike Apparels are manufactured in low cost destinations like India, China etc. the brand recognition of Nike overcomes the country of manufacturing effect and the products are considered to be American. Manifestations of Country Of Origin EffectThe country of origin effect can be accomplished in various different forms among the consumers. The major manifestations are individual / CollectivistsWhere Individualist favor country of origin bases to ascertain the superior attributes of the product, the collectivists favor plaza country of origin products over the foreign ones.On Basis of industrialisationCountries are categorized on the levels of industrialization they have achieved. Consumers in such cases are lesser product specific. They believe the products from industrialized nations are superior in quality and thus the products from developing nations suffer bias.EthnocentrismUnder the sensation of national pride, consumers like to corrupt the products of home country. For example, the buy American effect, Honda recognized it and specifically mentioned how many component were manufacture in America when entry its models there.One might generalize that for more technical product, there is a less positive perception towards product of developing nations. Similarly, less developed nations have a tendency to favor products from developed nations.Strategies for Usage of COO Effect in International MarketingIn contemporary world, companies have come to realize the importance of coutry of origin effect and have started to give it due i mportance while strategizing their international selling plans.Nowadays, a companys marketing strategy is dependent not only on the strength of its brand image but the country image as well. According to Jaffe and Nebenzahl (2001), quaternary possible strategies can be used. First scenario considers companies having both, a beefed-up country and brand image. Second scenario considers companies with a exhausted country image but a strong brand image. Third Scenario looks at companies with a weak brand image, but a strong country image, and fourth scenario looks at companies having both a weak country and a weak brand image.1. Strong Country Strong instigant ImageThis is the best aim for a company when both the product and the country have strong brand images. In this case, strategically, both the brand and the made in country should be emphasized, especially if it is a global one. Some major examples of this are Buick (made in US),Sony (made in Japan) and Zeiss (made in German y).2. Weak Country Strong Brand ImageThe scenario of a weak country image but a strong brand image generally refers to products whose production or assembly has been outsourced to developing/emerging economies. In this condition, the emphasis should be placed on the brand name, while the country of origin needs to be de stress as much as possible.BT provides an excellent case of neutralizing the country of origin. A few years ago British Telecom researched the aptness of their brand in overseas markets. The results showed that they had problems with the companys name in Japan where British was alike of the past, colonial and not for innovation or moving forward. That is when they decided to become BT3. Strong Country Weak Brand ImageThis form contains products which are perceived to be of lower quality vis vis the competitors from same country. Strategically, these brands should try to piggyback on strong country image by emphasizing their made in attribute. This strategy work s very well for brands/products with bad image or without any image.Some examples include Japanese brands like Suzuki or Miranda Cameras and/or Daihatsu automobiles.4. Weak Country Weak Brand ImageThis category contains products that have weak country image as well as a weak brand image. In this case one probable strategy is strategic piggybacking on some strong local brand. For example, Samsung, the southbound Korean products manufacturer, gained entry into the US in microwave ovens segment distributing them through General Electric under the GE label. Similar strategy was followed by Mitsubishi in its entry into the United States using the Chrysler distribution network.Country or Origin Effect Critical ResultsWhen the influence of country of origin effect and brand perception was studied for convenience, shop and persuasiveness goods, data-based results (from the account Luxury brand and country of origin effect results of an international empirical study, Prof. Gaetano Aie llo, Dr. Raffaele Donvito, Prof. Bruno Godey and Prof. Daniele Pederzoli) revealed Brand Perception and Country of origin have sensitive and medium high impact on perceptual evaluation of shopping goods and a medium high and high impact on luxury goods.Brand and Country of origin decrease their impact on purchasing decisions The Country of origin has a medium influence only in the purchasing decisions of luxury goods, while the brand maintains its influence also on shopping goods.Country of origin do not affect evaluation and leveraging of convenience goods.Brand affects evaluation and purchase decisions much more than Country of origin in shopping and specialty goodsThe study also reveals the upside most criteria in evaluation and purchase of convenience goods is Price, and Design for specialty goods. Brand Perceptions ranks second in this hierarchy Country of origin is alternatively around the last of within the items considered.ReferencesAstous A., Ahmed S.A., (1999), The im portance of country images in the formation of consumer product perceptions International marketing review, vol. 16, n.2.Bilkey W.J., Nes E., (1982), Country of origin effects on product evaluations, Journal of International Business Studies, 13, pp.89-99.Nebenzahl I.D., Jaffe E.D., Lampert S.I., (1997), Towards a theory of country image effect on product evaluation, Management International Review, 37, pp. 27-49.Roth M.S., Romeo G.B. (1992), twin(a) product categoriey and Country Image Perceptions A framework for managing Country of Origin Effects, Journal of International Studies, Winter.Jagdish Agrawal, Wagner A.kamakura, Country of origin A competitive favor International Journal of Research in Marketing Vol. 16, No. 4 December (1999) P.255 267International Marketing, Thirteenth Edition, Philip R Cateora, John L graham and Prashant SalwanSULLIVAN MORT, Gillian Maree HAN, C. Min 2000 Multifaceted country image impact on purchase intensions for goods a study in the asia pacifi c economic conference region. (www.digital.re.kr/hanlab/ nonpublic/discussant.PDF)A Chapter taken from the book Brand America The mother of both Brands by Simon Anholt and Jememy Hildreth, published by Cyan Books, 2004.

Impact of the Internet on Communication With Children

Impact of the net on Communication With ChildrenThe Effect of lucre on Childrens CommunicationWith the assist of technology development, the Internet has gained blanket(a) recognition and become an integrated part of our lives in a brusk time. The Internet revolution has reformed society since it brings us a digital data ne bothrk, unprecedented access to information and communication. These advantages of Internet usage, therefore, accelerate Internet users worldwide growth to increase exponentially. In 2013, The World Bank brass instrument announced that about 44 per 100 Vietnamese be forthwith accessing the Internet. The organization also reveals that 90 percent populations of the United Kingdom argon Internet users. During their electric s pitchrhood and adolescents, developing language and communication skills to a child is signifi empennaget (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Service, n.d.). In addition, it primarily interacts with the surrounding environment sort of than kind background (Roulstone, Law, Rush, Clegg, Peters, 2010). Meanwhile, children nowadays use Internet more. They are adjoin by online environment and have a tendency to explore what on the web. In consequence, it is anticipated to have a series of effects on children development. This report is to give our findings on the impact of the cyberspace which are associated with childrens fooling communication and gives suggestions for the negative cases.Positive EffectEducational PurposeSelf-efficacy and self-regulated learning. To bailiwick effectively, a child needs to develop his/her self-efficacy. Self-efficacy and self-regulated, as Chiou and Wan (2007) defined, are essential to ones confidence level in achieving his goal. strange adults, children have vivid imaginations, genuine creativity, and unstoppable curiosity (Avery, 2004). Therefore, they obtain self-efficacy effort slightly if they are welcome to visualize. Besides teacher guidance at school, they have encour agement from the web to engage, and further to strengthen their inventive imagination. For example, if they cannot do something, they can watch it on Youtube which shows them step-by-step (Tuukkanen Wilska, 2015). Result from Tuukkanen and Wilska (2015) reveals that children are tending to go online for their school projects or assignment more than self-entertaining. Again, Internet demonstrates distinct advantages in connecting learners with materials and teachers (Ritter, 2000). The web provides millions of websites which offer us the opportunity to approach billions homework help, standard solution, and other e-resources in a few clicks. Otherwise, getting support from specialists is a reasonable choice. Since Internet provides us with communication services efficiently and without any cost, as a result, it minimizes distances and fosters connection between teachers and students.Gather information quickly. Doan and Bloomfield conducted research on students essay grades under effects of web browsing (2014) by gathering three groups to take the same report test, but in different conditions. One group was not permitted to use the Internet, the other dickens could, however, their time limit to do the test was reduced. Despite that, students who were allowed to go online scored better, which proves two thingsFirst, Internet provides us a wide background knowledge in short time.Secondly, it makes a positive outcome on our school performance.less(prenominal) antisocial behavior. As the evidence suggest, using Internet for educational blueprint could bring us academician performance success. The same as a domino effect, a child with school success would be less depressive and higher self-esteem. A survey by Kim (2011) indicates with these three sufficient requirements cracking academic achievement, less depression, and high-esteem, children would be less antisocial behavior.Written communication. mesh 3.0 enables and supports innovative channels for onlin e education, in which written communication is a central form of transferring information. Furthermore, the way using mechanics such as spelling, punctuation, and capitalization constructed in a message can remarkably influence the reading material/misinterpretation to ones tone in his/her academic penning (Betts, 2009). Research indicates that raft express feelings with combined use of word choice, meter structure and even font (Stone, n.d., as cited in Betts, 2009). For this reason, psychologists study online writing modality of suicidal people. Apparently, it can be applied for suicide endangerment assessment in what unique verbal characteristics that imply suicidal risk, and heighten an alarm for special attention (Barak Miron, 2005). A child, like any vivacious creature, needs to express anger, sorrow, and happiness. Also, whether direct or indirect, a childs psychological need is diverse and complex. In other words, feeding and dress a child will not matter if ther e is no caregiving or support (Williams, Ciarrochi, Heaven, 2012). Thus, suicide risk assessment would favor parentage concerns to note their childs behavior and activities as a mean to have the set moves before any sorrowful tragic might happen.ReferencesAvery, M. E. (2004). What is respectable for children is satisfactory for mankind The role of imagination in discovery. Science, 306(5705), 2212-3.Barak, A., Miron, O. (2005). Writing characteristics of suicidal people on the mesh A psychological investigation of emerging social environments. Suicide Life Threatening Behavior, 35(5), 507-24.Betts, K. (2009). Lost in Translation magnificence of Effective Communication in Online Education. Retrieved June 5, 2015, from http//www.westga.edu/distance/ojdla/summer122/betts122.htmlChiou, W., Wan, C. (2007). The dynamic change of self-efficacy in information searching on the internet Influence of valence of hold out and prior self-efficacy.The Journal of Psychology,141(6), 589- 603.Doan, K., Bloomfield, A. (2014). The effects of browse time on the internet on students essay scores.Kim, S. (2011).The effects of internet use on academic achievement and behavioral adjustment among south Korean adolescents Mediating and moderating roles of enate factors.Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Service (n.d.). Your preschool childs speech and language development. Retrieved June 5, 2015, from http//www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/ early onchildhood/speechlanguage/brochure_preschool.aspxRitter, M. E., Lemke, K. A. (2000). Addressing the seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education with internet-enhanced education.Journal of Geography in high Education,24(1), 100-108.Roulstone, S., Law, J., Rush, R., Clegg, J., Peters, T. (2010, may 11). Investigating the role of language in childrens early educational outcomes. Retrieved June 5, 2015, from https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/181549/DFE-RR134. pdfTerhi Tuukkanen,Terhi-Anna Wilska, (2015) Online environments in childrens customary lives childrens, parents and teachers points of view,Young Consumers, Vol. 16 Iss 1, pp.3 16. Retrieved from http//www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/YC-03-2014-00430The World Bank (n.d.). Internet users (per 100 people). Retrieved May 27, 2015, from http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2?cid=GPD_44Williams, K. E., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., L. (2012). Inflexible parents, inflexible kids A 6-year longitudinal study of parenting style and the development of psychological flexibility in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(8), 1053-66.

The Scandal of Larry Craig

The Scandal of Larry CraigLarry Craig was arrested at the Minneapolis-St. Paul aerodrome on a suspicion of Lewd Conduct. The date that this misadventure happened was on June 11th, 2007. Craig was arrested after nerve-racking to birth ride with an separate male in the Minneapolis-St. Paul airport bathroom. What he didnt know is that the hu piece of music being he was move to have sex with cease up being an undercover officer, the officer was undercover because of complaints rough(predicate) a man trying to have sex with others in the bathroom, this has been personnel casualty on for several weeks now.Larry Craig was the main person bear on because of this accompanying, probably because he was the main person involved. Because of this incident Larry Craig lost many an(prenominal) of his friends, a adept amount of those friends were do through politics and were still in politics. bingle main friend he lost was Mitt Romney who was Governor of mammy at the meter of this incident. by and by the earthly concern heard virtually the incident, as you expected, t urinateher was a major backlash on Larry Craig and he was despised by many the Statesns. Many gay right activists were mad at Craig for making gay people look bad. At the clipping of this incident gays were trying to be treated fitted to straight people because they werent equal at the time of this incident, so many people were mad for the touch on fact that he interacted in a gay act desire he did. In the end what sincerely affected Larry Craig was that the incident constitute him his political c atomic number 18er. Larry Craig finish up component part the rest of his term as Senator because he refuse to resign, only if he did not end up rail for re-election for the position because he knew erect like every single else did, that he would not bring in the re-election for Senator. He as well as was not liked by many other politicians after this incident. Another person affected b ecause of the incident was Mitt Romney. Craig was one of the two Senators that were liaisons for Mitt Romneys 2008 Presidential die hard. afterwards this incident Mitt Romney was not a fan of Larry Craig, in fact Mitt Romney actually potently disliked Larry Craig. Larry Craig made Mitt Romney look bad because of this incident, do the citizens of America really want a President that works with guys like this foot race the country? This ended up with Mitt Romney removing Larry Craig from anything to do with his Presidential Campaign then went on to talk badly astir(predicate) Craig to the public by saying Hes disappointed the American people (Hulse). The last person that was affected because of this incident was Mike Jones and the officer that arrested him. Mike Jones told the public that Larry Craig offered him $200 to have oral sex with him in a restroom. After this was told to the public and a newsman asked Larry Craig, he responded by saying Mike Jones was lying just to try to promote his new book about the incident among Mike and Ted Haggard (Hulse). So Larry Craig just said Mike was trying to just wedge money from his incident and that it isnt alright to do. Lastly, was the officer that arrested Craig. They neer released the officers name, which is understandable because this was a big incident. Craig assay to have sex with him in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport restroom, after he made the arrest Larry Craig tried to blackmail the officer by showing his badge that showed he was a part of the government and then said So, what do you think about that? This incident spendred on August 8th, 2007. at that place are many facts about this government scandal. One fact is that he was arrested for disorderly conduct in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport. Another fact about this scandal is that Larry Craig ended up sending a signed petition to the court and the petition pled abominable for misdemeanor charge was accepted and filed to the court on August 8t h, 2007. When this was released to the public he said that he regretted pleading guilty because he was innocent. He said that he only plead guilty to the charges because he valued this to just fly over and not go on, but it ended up backfiring and lasting along time. Larry Craig said that he just valued to get this over as quick as possible and get on with his life and duty as one of the Senators of the United States.The time frame of this incident was in August 2007. But apparently he has been doing things like this for years but never got caught or had it released to the public until now. No one really knows if these reports about it happening in the past are true, but they know that the incident in August 2007 was real and it happened.At the time of this incident many other things were also happening in the world. One surrounding circumstance was the Phoenix spacecraft launched to strugglefareds Mars. They launched the Phoenix spacecraft on August 4th, 2007. Another surroundin g circumstance was that the war in Afghanistan was going on. The war in Afghanistan started in October 2001 because of the tragic incident of 9/11. This war was a long war that lasted 13 years, it eventually ended in 2014, three years after the US killed the man trusty for 9/11. The mans name was Osama Bin Laden and he was killed on may 2, 2011 in Pakistan which is a country that borders Afghanistan. He was in his hideout that he had. The last thing that was a surrounding circumstance in 2007 was the Iraq war. The US was in the middle of two wars in 2007. This war started in expose 2003 because of an invasion in Iraq that was led by the United States. This war was also long but didnt last as long as the war in Afghanistan. The war in Iraq lasted 8 years. It ended in celestial latitude 2011 because Obama decided it was a good idea to just end the war and pull out.In this scandal there were many rumors that had spread during this scandal. After this scandal, a gay rights activist M ichael Rogers came out and told the public that this wasnt the first time that Larry Craig has through with(p) something like this. He said there were multiple standardised occasions that something like this had happened to other people. The first one he has bind Craig to be in happened in 1982. Rogers also said that it has been happening in multiple locations all over the United States not just in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport where this incident took place. All these incidents were reported to a reporter for the Idaho statesman. Michael Rogers wasnt the only person to come out and say that Craig has done this before. Up to eight other gay men came up to the reporter for Idaho Statesman saying that they had either intimate encounters with Larry Craig or him attempting to engage in sexual conduct with them. Four of the eight men gave good details about their encounters with Craig, it wasnt proven if they had happened or not but it caused some discussion. The most novel encou nter that had been reported came from a 40 year old man who claimed that he and Craig had engaged in oral sex in 2004. no(prenominal) of these reports had been proven true nor had they been proven false. They were all just rumors and not many know if these reports had been true or not.Because of this incident the government took a coarse hit. Craig has been in politics along time and he was liked by many other politicians previous to this incident. Larry Craig lost many political friends because of this and there was a huge debate whether or not if they should allow Craig to hold up as Senator. They decided that Craig could remain and serve the rest of his term as Senator. Craig did end up serving the rest of his term. Many people looked at the government badly for allowing a man who did this remain the Senator and not recoil him out of his position. They were mad because they didnt want a corrupt man component part run this country, they looked at it as not right. After Craigs term was up he did not re-run in the election as Senator because everyone knew that if he did he would not win.The only one to really suffer because of this incident is Larry Craig. After this incident Craig returned to his duty as Senator of the United States. He refused to resign from his position, but after his term as Senator he lost his job and didnt re-run in the upcoming election as Senator. This isnt the only thing that that ended for him. He ended his career in politics. Another person that you could argue suffered from this incident was Mitt Romney. Craig was one of the two Senators liaisons for Mitt Romneys 2008 presidential weight-lift. This incident made Romney look bad and he dropped Craig from being a part of anything to do with his presidential campaign. Mitt Romney ended up losing this election and Craig didnt impact his campaign positively. Craig wasnt the main reason he lost but would Romney have gotten more votes if this didnt happen? Nobody knows. Craig proba bly didnt lose the election for Romney but he sure didnt help Romneys chances. The last thing that suffered because of this incident was the government because Craig had been a part of politics for a long time. He had many friends and was trusted by many people that were in politics. This incident caused a man that was high in politics to lose his job and end his career.There were many outcomes after this Scandal. Mostly it affected Larry Craig and his life. Larry Craig ended up serving the rest of his term as the Senator, then decided that he is done with his political career after this incident. He didnt re-run because he wouldve lost and he knew that. One thing that happened that is kind of interesting is that the TV show rectitude and Order made an episode that replicated the whole Larry Craig scandal. The episode was called Political Animal. They used things in the episode such as the foot tapping that Craig apparently did in the stalls, and when the officer in the episode ar rested the councilman, the councilman yelled Im not gay to check what Larry Craig also did. The last thing is the stalls in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport that this incident happened in started to gain notoriety. The airport then decided that they should powderise the stalls this incident occurred in and did so.In ending, this scandal wasnt one of the biggest to occur in the United States history. But the government did take a hit and this scandal was very popular and talked about. This incident will always be remembered as a weird scandal because no one really expected Craig to do something like this, yet it has been apparently going on for years and kept quiet.

Effect of Age Stereotypes on Balance Performance

Effect of Age Stereotypes on Balance PerformanceQuestion 1 An important feeling of strong-arm carrying into action is the ability to stay braced. How may expectations generated by sequence stereotypes exploit some meter(a) big(a)s match arrangeance? Critically review psychological supposition and research relevant to this issue, and discuss broader implications for interventions that may keep up effectual forcible mathematical operation of elder somebodys.Loh Qiu Yan MelissaAbstract honest-to-god bigs face long range of period stereotypes as they jump on into their golden years. Such brio cycles made people question their cognitive ability and animal(prenominal) functions. The printing of age stereotypes led to iodin facing both cocksure and blackball aspect of life. These constant stereotyping had negative impacts on health and physical function. save with the avail of accessible fundamental interactions, it economic aided cured folks possess a select in leading a much isotropyd life. The use of well-disposed networks helped maintain their physical and cognitive mathematical process, giving them the room to ready license as well as culture more about their incarnate functions.Importance and interventions in maintaining balance performance in physical functioning of senior(a) adults.Aging is an inevitable process in living cosmoss where the occasion of the body deteriorates resulting in decline of functioning. This challenges the physical abilities and cognitive functioning of older people (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012) in instances of perform daily activities such as being mobile enough to bath and dress on their own (Clark, Hayes, J 1s, Lievesley, 2009). In enact to maintain the ability to be mobile and independent in bodily functions at an older age, this is ordinarily accompanied with the decline in physical, genial and sensory abilities. These declines in functions stop affect performance in aras tha t require cognition involving fluid intelligence for example memory and abilities to reason and explain, along with task that require executive ascendancy involving vocabulary and backchat knowledge. Moreover, with the decline in physical functioning, particularly muscle strength and joint flexibility mostly involves motor tasks and balance such as travel and running results in more dependence on cognitive resources at an older age due to the decline in eyesight and auditory range (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010). These physical and cognitive challenges faced by older individuals squirt be condescend issues potentially leading to age stereotypes caused by expectations and assumptions in check abilities of older adults (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012).By understanding how aging and age stereotypes take organize plays an important role for individuals in realising the anxiety and uncertainty that arse still affect cognitive capacity, assuming of own abilities for example intellectual and reason out abilities (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010), and regulation of affirmative and negative feedback given (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012). The cognitive aspect of a soulfulness can be affected positively and negatively in ones mind set for example towards a contest motor task which tests an older persons ability (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012). This pull ahead challenges the balance performance of an older person who might require more cognitive resources later in life (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010). Hence, the importance of understanding aging, age stereotypes, cognitive and physical functions in influencing balance performance can help develop a more positive aspect in maintaining healthy physical functioning.To better perform the interventions required for physical functioning of older folks, it is necessary to understand the reason behind age stereotypes which can have a negative impact on older folks. One app bent reason that can lead to a rise in age stereotypes is by labelling and categorising people into old age groups. As a result, it usually occurs where less favourable attitudes ar placed on older adults, see them as less productive members of society (Phillips, 2014). This in turn makes individuals come to a conclusion that these deep rooted thoughts and beliefs, mind-set and perceptual demeanor actually support age stereotyping (Blaine, 2013). Furthermore reinforcing and heightening their take aims of fear and colony on new(prenominal)s byout their aging process (Clark, Hayes, Jones, Lievesley, 2009). These thoughts and fears atomic number 18 progress infix in their mind, altering their mind set thus creates a self-conscious state (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012), which results in self-stereotyping ( impose, 2003), and affecting balance performance which reduces the ability to perform (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012).An example of old age stereotype expressed with the use of cartoons characters in portraying older individuals such as Abe Simpson who is the father of Homer Simpson in The Simpsons cartoon. He was portrayed as a senile and dependent person who appears to be quite difficult to handle at times, also seen as being a burden to his son. This portrayed older adults in a negative stereotyped manner with limited abilities to be independent which is not the case for everyone (Blaine, 2013). However, switching to a different perspective of age stereotyping hazard in a workplace environment in the context of Singapore, it proven that there were certain generational differences in the negative stereotypes towards older employees. For example, employees at a younger age felt they had more efficiency towards the aspect of multitasking and creativity comp ard to older employees whom felt that they have stronger work ethics yet think that younger employees have stronger demand towards recognition (Blauth, McDaniel, Perrin, Perrin, 2011). These generational diff erences were same in the aspect of comparing the cognitive functioning which is related to balance performance of both groups of people. With better understanding of the cause and reasons for age stereotypes guides older individuals foster a better relationship with their cognitive and body functioning.As much as ageism being a concern, with the constant stereotypical opinions and perception on older people, emotional reactions of these elderly folks are affected in both positive and negative ways (Blaine, 2013). validating influences and implications can be through accessible means by interacting with family members, friends and assorted people from all walks of life. Not only does social interaction help regulate the emotional reactions of older folks it also encourages individuals in desegregation with society through social means (Charles Carstensen, 2010). Social networks and interactions also have an effect on cognitive functioning where it is a motivational part behind a better quality of life and the ability in maintaining independence despite increase in age Furthermore, resulting one to ontogeny more self- efficacy in leading a better operating(a) health. This is due to the body reacting in a positive manner where social interaction has a direct relationship with neuroendocrine and cardiovascular reactivity. Thus, with positive and supportive interactive reactions in the body help to reduce the physiological reactivity that has been linked to endocrine and cardiovascular activity resulting in cognitive decline (Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert Berkman, 2001).In the event of cognitive functioning of an older adult decreasing, there are higher chances of cognitive disorders or impairments such as signs of vascular dementia or Alzheimer to appear (Price, Corwin, Friedman, Laditka, Colabianchi Montgomery, 2011). Hence in order to maintain or increase cognitive functioning, having strong social networks and support in maintaining connectedness can im prove ones genial and physical health, resulting in prevention of cognitive decline. Voluntary activities are one of the social network and integrating activities that encourages bonding sessions with different individuals, demands social and mental skills (Charles Carstensen, 2010) provides a sense of purpose and prevents isolation for those who face difficulties at any point in their life (Grimm, Spring Dietz, 2007). The effect of social interaction has a potential and positive influence on cognitive functioning where both fluid intelligence and executive control involve gigantic intrinsic cognitive components required during social interaction for example smash conversations with people during bonding sessions and activities. Social integrating activities such as volunteering can help one have a better sense of control over life and physical health by providing support to other older adults and gaining a sense of accomplishment. With the use of these cognitive components can further promote older individuals having better cognitive engagement and functioning (Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert Berkman, 2001) which are linked to balance performance.Maintaining of balance may seem as a simple and indispensable part in many people, however it is a task that is physical and demands independence in the aspect of an elderly person (Onambele, 2006). Through the acquire done by Wulf, Chiviacowsky, Lewthwaite (2012) showed that balance is influenced by social cognitive, affect and assuming of own abilities etc. Thus older adults balance performance can be further modify by increasing their perceived abilities in performing and completing tasks. In addition, based on a study done by Levy Leifheit-Limson (2009) similar to Wulf, Chiviacowsky, Lewthwaite (2012) where instilling of positive age stereotypes on physical or balance performance help mould a certain level of expectation towards the stereotype led to one conforming to it. As a result this causes one to self- stereotype (Levy, 2003), which affect the performance of the individuals in performing better due to the positive influence. Likewise if it was a negative stereotype, the outcomes are negative. Further implications on how stereotypes can affect balance and physical functioning are neatness of handwriting and speed of walking. This was seen in a study done by Levy (2003) where older adults exposed to negative stereotypes are likely to appear older and frail. The body conditions as observed through handwritings produced seemed to have a little towards illegible due to shaking and mobile movements of the hands which explains that balance performance is affected. In another experiment of flick to positive stereotyping, the speed of an older adult showed connection between the creator and the latter. By exposing them to positive views, makes them self- stereotype themselves towards a more positive and welcome aspect. The idea of measuring the speed of walking is by how much time is needed for foot to be lifted off the ground and this is mensural as swing time which indicated balance. Therefore, results show that older individuals who were exposed to positive stereotypes had greater swing time in particular to having better balance in their physical movements and their cognitive functioning.In conclusion, age stereotypes, cognitive abilities and physical functions share significantly close relationships in maintaining balance performance for older adults. Positive and negative age stereotypes can give significant effects to an older adult which can be misled and neglected at times. This can cause further effects in time and worst if the stereotypes are negative. The use and help of social interaction and network can foster a persons physiological reactivity making one have a sense of accomplishment which promotes social integration. Most importantly it leads older individuals to keep their mind and body in working conditions which support them practice and maintain independence.ReferencesBlaine, B. (2013). Understanding Age Stereotypes and Ageism. InUnderstanding the psychology of diversity(2nd ed., pp. 175-186). SAGE Publications.Blauth, C., McDaniel, J., Perrin, C., Perrin, P. (2011). Age-Based Stereotypes soundless Killer of Collaboration and Productivity.AchieveGlobal,1(2), 1-15.Charles, S., Carstensen, L., (2010). Social and emotional aging. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 61, 383-409.Clark, A., Hayes, R., Jones, K. Lievesley, N., (2009). Ageism and age discrimination in social care in the United Kingdom. center on for policy on Aging.Grimm, R., Spring, K., Dietz, N. (2007). Volunteering, Life Satisfaction, and Mental Health. InThe health benefits of volunteering A review of recent research.Corporation for National Community Service, Office of Research and Policy Development.Levy, B. (2003). Mind Matters Cognitive and natural Effects of Aging Self-Stereotypes.The Journals of Gerontology serial B Psychological Sciences an d Social Sciences,58(4), P203-P211.Levy, B., Leifheit-Limson, E. (2009). The stereotype-matching effect Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes.Psychology and Aging,24(1), 230-233.Onambele, G. (2006). Calf muscle-tendon properties and postural balance in old age.Journal of Applied Physiology,100(6), 2048-2056.Phillips, L. (2014). Efforts to Promote Physical performance Must Battle Ageist Stereotypes. Research in Gerontological Nursing,7(1), 4-5.Price, A., Corwin, S., Friedman, D., Laditka, S., Colabianchi, N., Montgomery, K. (2011). Older Adults Perceptions of Physical Activity and Cognitive Health Implications for Health Communication. Health Education Behavior, 38 (1), 15-24.Schaefer, S., Schumacher, V. (2010). The Interplay between Cognitive and Motor Functioning in Healthy Older Adults Findings from Dual-Task Studies and Suggestions for Intervention.Gerontology,57, 239-246.Seeman, T., Lusignolo, T., Albert, M., Berkman, L. (2001). Socia l relationships, social support, and patterns of cognitive aging in healthy, high-functioning older adults MacArthur Studies of triple-crown Aging.Health Psychology,20 (4), 243-255.Wulf, G., Chiviacowsky, S., Lewthwaite, R. (2012). Altering mindset can enhance motor learning in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27, 14-21. DOI 10.1037/a0025718

On Human Cloning :: Genetics Science Feminist Papers

On homo CloningHow should we think about cloning as philosophers and feminists? Reproduction by cloning is not, in itself, chastely inferior to human sexual reproduction. moral check of cloning rests on condemnation of its unnaturalness or impiety, but this variant of criticism should not persuade non-believers. I evaluate cloning in dickens phases. First, some hypothetical situations involving private choices about cloning are examined in spite of appearance a liberal framework. From this individualistic perspective, cloning appears no more(prenominal) than morally problematic than sexual reproduction. A liberal feminist whitethorn grateful the possibility of human cloning as an expansion of the melt down of reproductive options open to women. The bite phase argues for a shift in the framework of analysis in order to worry a more complete evaluation of the ethical implications of human cloning, including questions of permeant justice and the ideology of reproduction. H ow should we think about cloning as philosophers and feminists? Reproducing by cloning is not, in itself, morally inferior to reproducing by human sexual reproduction. Moral criticism of cloning in itself rests on condemnation of clonings unnaturalness or impiety, but this engaging of criticism should not persuade non-believers. In this paper, cloning is evaluated in two phases. First, some hypothetical situations involving private choices about cloning are examined within a liberal framework. From this individualistic perspective, cloning appears no more morally problematic than is sexual reproduction. A liberal feminist may welcome the possibility of human cloning, as expanding the range of reproductive options open to women. The second phase argues for a shift in framework of analysis to get a more complete evaluation of the ethical implications of human cloning, including questions of distributive justice and the ideology of reproduction. In this paper, cloning refers to a proc ess begun when an enucleated oocyte receives a complete set of genetic material from one adult of the alike(p) species, and then develops. The resultant cloned embryo is genetically identical to the adult provision the DNA. Thus, cloning differs from sexual reproduction, in which half the genetic material of the fertilized crackpot is supplied from the oocyte itself and half from the sperm. It is also different from twinning, in which an egg, once fertilized sexually, splits into two genetically identical zygotes, each of which may develop into an embryo. In February 1997, Dr. Ian Wilmut announced the take of Dolly, the cloned offspring of an ewe. If it is possible to clone sheep, why not then populace?

Essay --

capital of Mississippiian America was known as a lick of nation that was based on the interest of the common slice, limitations of the federal government, the westerly expansion and settlement. It was named after President Andrew Jackson and purposed to form a democracy party which would make the state more of a res publica indeed a monarchy. Jacksonian America had brought major changes to society and politics by creating a modern democratic party. When in office, Jackson and his governments view on native people had become the foundation of the Indian remotion. This removal inside states was known as the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This removal had disregarded Washingtons policy which aloud Indians to settle in the southeast as they were considered American Indian. As the Cherokee vs. Georgia case confirm that natives were dependent people who needed protection, the act had been put into practice. When the act was passed Jackson had believed that the lands which once belonge d to the Indians could be used by his benefit, which can provide forthcoming votes during elections.Jacksons form of democracy produced many reforms which confronted the social ills of the twenty-four hour period because he made some political changes which were very contradicting. In example, He was concern for the interest of man but not every man held the same rights as others due to social classes. As the new republic began to form many indentured apprentice were signed in plight to their master which came with many trainings. These training consist of practices that were meant for economic livelihood which would benefactor give the apprentice experience. Some people however did not gift any assurance in the way the government set up these principles. Since Americans started to resist working for f... ...s Congress called for union with the United States (Liberty, p.497). Once Houston was take president, Texas had ended their disputes and joined America. The invasion of T exas would soon put Mexico on dashing and lead to another dispute for America.Another dispute led to the informant of the Mexican War, which took place in the mid nineteenth century. While close to Americans supported the war due to the interest in gaining more land by expanding westward, they also faced their first war on other land outside of the United States (Liberty, p.499). Although Mexico was willing to patronise their ground and fight for their rights, in the end they were quickly defeated and Americans were exultant in this war. Once they took over Mexico they began to expand further. This expansion led to a lot of changes which benefited America but caused a lot of destruction for others.

Christopher Skase - The Sick Tycoon :: essays research papers

In the early 1980s a young confident man named Christopher Charles Skase became human famous by amassing a list of assets including a multi-million dollar fraternity called Quintex, the channel 7 network, Mirage resorts and a number of extravagant houses across the world.Christopher Skase was innate(p) on the 18th of September 1948 in Melbourne, Australia. He grew up in a rich family going to Malvern and Caulfield Grammar Schools. He first started making capital as a stockbroker and then as a finance journalist. In 1975 he bought a small Tasmanian based company called Quintex. borrowing heavily the Company expanded into resort developments including 5 Mirage resorts and the media company, channel 7 network.Buoyed by his success Skase began to represent Australias entrepreneurs of the 80s. Brash, extravagant and fearless. Who could forget his Christmas parties in Brisbane plump decade? The Quintex group of companies collapsed in 1989. By 1991 Skase a seasoned abroad traveller f ailed to return to Australia. Bankrupt and aloof he stayed far from interior(a) and fought attempts to force him to return for trial on the charges brought by the Australian Securities Commission.Whilst a resident of Majorca Skase has developed his business ventures by creating an international company act interests in resorts. It appears that this strategy has been adopted to carry favour with the Spanish political sympathies in relation to investment attraction.Since 1994 in Spanish Courts he has fought extradition transactions to Australia, claiming that a life threatening lung condition prevented him from travelling. This was challenged in the courts by witnesses to his lifestyle in Majorca where he and his wife Pixie are living unitedly with step-daughter Amanda and her husband Tony Larkin. The Spanish had until recently upheld Skases testimony. In May 1998, with Senator Amanda Vanstone leading the charge, the Australian Government cancelled Skases passport. The Spanish c ourts moved quickly sending distinguish to Skase to leave Majorca by the 23rd July 1998 due to his lack of citizenship. Of course, there was and continues to be an appeal.Realising that he could be extradited to Australia since being stateless, Skase moved quickly to obtain a passport. In August, 1998 he became a citizen of Dominica and now has a valid friar preacher passport.

Carpe Diem in Poetry :: Poem Poetry

The Latin term carpe diem is a descriptive word for literature that presses readers to seize the moment. It mainly tries to pursue a woman or women that they have true physical beauty and should absent advantage of their good looks now before conviction will undertake a toll on them. The word carpe diem puts impact on examples of some(prenominal) poems of, To the Virgins, to set Much of Time by Robert Herrick, and To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell. Herricks poem, To The Virgins, to Make Much of Time, portrays carpe diem by citing the shortness of life andpersuading young women to link and enjoy the life of call professess at its advantage before oddment takes its turn. In the poem To His Coy Mistress, Marvell consist more traits of carpe diem by persuading a certain woman in being his wife. He uses examples of time and age diminishing her beauty and youth and will leave her with zilch left. They both compare to each other by making the some of each moment before o ld age and beauty disappears. Herricks To The Virgins, to Make Much of Time fits the meaning of carpe diem by encouraging the beauty of youth and life itself. His calm and moralizing detachment from the personal environment pursues his own view of time and life. Then not be coy scarcely use your time, And, while ye may, go marry For having lost but at once your prime You may forever tarry.

THE SELLING OF ORGANS: RIGHT OR WRONG :: Ethical Issues, Human Organs

IIntroductionAll humans have pipe reed organs. The organ is very important to the humans because without organ humans will non be able to live well. At present, there are many an opposite(prenominal) actions that are d single by irresponsible pile to address organs. electronic organ sales cases occur when a person sells or transfers an organ from one body to another body for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged organ. There are thousands of people dying to buy a kidney, and thousands of people dying to sell a kidney because of the lack of organs availability. Lives should not be wasted, they should be saved. Indirectly, there are many reasons why they sell the organs, where the organs somely sold to and consequences of selling human organs.II torsoA or so of the countries have organ selling issues from poor people to rich people and from less regent(postnominal) people to the most powerful people.1The country that sell the most number of organs is India and has run low one of the largest country for human organs selling and permutes in the world.aPoor people in India usually sell their organs piece they are still alive (Scheper-Hughes, 1998, para. 7).bIndia hospitals are under investigation by the government because of the illegal organ sales (Carney, 2007, para. 4).2 heap use the body for their own benefit but they cannot change the other bodies for its own interests.a nation agree to sell their organs because of their benefit.iPoor families are desperate to send their son to University (Maconachy, 2007, para. 4).iiMost parents want their daughters to marry will be collecting money for a dowry to the groom and they had to sell their organs to make the exchange.BPeople usually sell their organs in an underground market for human organ around the world that is called shadowymarket (Maconachy, 2007, para.1).1Most the donors came from middle signifier family whos searching clients via the internet. (Maconachy, 2007, para.3).aThey f ind the client from specific sites where most of people posted organ selling on that websites.bThe run into can arranged if the client agree to go through the procedure.cAccording to Kenichiro Hokamura, he was faced dickens choice whether to wait for the transplant or buy organ on the internet.iHe buys the organ from Japanese broker in China and get the new kidney two months later(Coonan & McNell, 2006, para. 2).2In China, the government is trying to strike down the black market (Coonan & McNell, 2006, para.

MBA Admissions Essays - Beyond the Curve -- MBA College Admissions Ess

MBA Admissions Essays - Beyond the Curve Having worked in a constantly evolving sector of the economy, I realize the value of an MBA weighs heavily on a computer programs commitment to staying ahead of the curve. Although the classic lecture format has irrefutable value, I believe for an MBA program to truly further my career, it must acquire something more. My career path has exposed me to many different aspects of the business humanness and I believe an MBA program should likewise consist of a unnumbered of course work and experiences. Since an MBA program will provide the building blocks for my career, I view an innovative and modern approach to learning as a necessity. Looking at traditional MBA programs that consist of marketing/finance/ chronicle fundamentals, I find the approach at your program to be untold more expansive. Supplementing these essential classes with core courses in communications, organizational processes, and strategic management, makes your program bro ader than any other MBA program. Innovation at Sloan doesnt stop with the core courses, since managerial...

The Narrator’s Attitude in The Pugilist at Rest :: Pugilist at Rest Essays

The Narrators Attitude inThe Pugilist at Rest Websters mental lexicon defines it as a mental position or the feeling adept has for oneself. In life our attitudes help define who you argon or what you atomic number 18 like. Attitude helps create your personality and how you would react under certain situations. In The Pugilist at Rest Thom Jones tells us of one mans attitude and how adversity and a disability changed his attitude completely. The tellers attitude under goes changes from boot cantonment, bludgeoning Hey Baby, recon Marine duty and finally obtaining Dostoyevskis epilepsy from a boxing match. The narrator of the base undergoes changes in boot camp that will forever change his attitude towards life and his fellow Marines. The story begins by showing a young foolish narrator that lone(prenominal) wanted to charge into battle. The narrator wanted to be all he could be and strived to become the best United States Marine Corp spend the United States has to offer. Jones describes the narrators determination and ambitions as, Whenever danger appears on the scene, rightfulness and justice will be served as I slip into the putting surface U.S.M.C. utility uniform and become Earths greatest hero. (485). The narrators attitude would be altered drastically by a motivating speech that his Sergeant delivered to the boot camp. Jones describes this speech as, You men ar divergence off to war, and its not a pretty thing, and so on & etc., and if Luke the Gook knocks down one of your buddies, a fellow Marine, you atomic number 18 going to risk your life and go in and get that Marine and you are going to bring him turn out. Not because I said so. No You are going after that Marine because you are a Marine, a part of the most elite fighting force in the world, and that man out thee whos gone down is a Marine, and hes your buddy. He is you brother Once you are a Marine, you are always a Marine and you will never let another Mari ne down. and so forth & etc. You can take a Marine out of the corps but you cant take the Corps out of a Marine. Etc. & etc. At the time it seemed to me a very secure speech,

A Helping Hand for College :: Expository Classification Essays

A Helping Hand for College or so 60% of all students enrolled in higher education receive some(a) grapheme of financial assistance. Financial aid is provided to students for many reasonablenesss. The primary reason is to increase the accessibility for families that atomic number 18 unable to afford the full follow of higher education. Scholarships, loans, and federal official work studies are categories of financial aid apt(p) to help students further their education. A acquaintance is a financial concede given to students in recognition of achievement, such as academics or athletics. other scholarships are awarded to minorities and women to increase their access to higher education. In many cases, the qualifications for a scholarship include financial need as well. A scholarship does not require repayment. Most scholarships are given to students who attend duty schools, technical and vocational schools, nursing schools and 2-year colleges. A loan is an award offered by various presidential term and private agencies. The interest browses are turn down than those of regular bank loans, and in most cases interest is not aerated while a student is enrolled in college repayment is also across-the-board over a long period of time. There are loans for students and parents. scholar loans are the most common form of financial assistance to students. They are available for both undergraduate and graduate studies. They are issued by commercial banks and state student loan authorities at an interest rate considerably lower than the current market level and guaranteed by the federal government. The loan must be repaid within a ten-year period initiation six months after the students graduation. Federal work study is another type of student financial aid. It is a part-time job co- financed by the government and a college to allow students to earn money to help pay educational expenses. The program encourages community service work and work related to a students course of study. The salary will be at least stripped wage, but it may be higher, depending on the type of work and skills required. The nub federal work study awarded depends on when a student applies, the level of need, and the funding level of a college. An undergraduate student is paid by the hour. A graduate student may be paid by the hour or receive a salary.

What Documents To Review At A Closing For A Mortgage :: Mortgage Closing Documents

What Documents To Review At A Closing For A mortgageThree important mortgage documents1. owe2.Note3.HUD-1 Settlement controversyMortgagePeople who signaling only have an interest in the property and our not responsible to pay for the contributewordMake authorized the correct legal description and address are attendedGives the rights of the mortgage partyoUsually very standardSecures the noteGives the lender a claim against the home if you fail to live up to the end points of the giveNoteThose who sign the note are responsible for paying the mortgage and their credit will be effected (positively and/or negatively) by the addStates the interest rate oFixedoARM loan and how often the interest rate will changeStates the loan termoHow m either years the loan is oA pre retribution punishment will be listed if applicableStates the late charge amountoA percentage of the principal and interestStates the principal and interest of the paymentoThe escrow amount is not statedStates the p ayment is dueoCheck with the lender if there is a grace periodStates the loan amountPromise to repay the mortgageStates what the lender can do if you fail to make paymentsHUD-1 Settlement StatementA detailed list of all costs related to the sale of the homeA tiny record of the settlement costsBoth buyer and trafficker signHelpful TipsHave an attorney present that represents you and you onlyYou have a three day rescission periodReview sections 900 and 1000 of the HUD direction if you sign for an escrowAt closing you have the opportunity to make sustain minute changesBring any documents that you previously received to the closing and hint to the documents at closingCheck to see if there are any back taxes on the propertyoOnce you sign sour on property those taxes are your responsibilityExplanation of the HUD-1 StatementbuyerS RECAPLine 101 is for purchases, purchase price would go here.Line 102 is for any personal property that is included with sale on purchases only.Line 103 is Total for PageLine 104 and 105 are for Mortgage Payoffs.Lines 106 thru 112 are items that buyer has agreed to pay for in advance.Line cxx is the total of all charges to buyer.Line 201 is money deposit given by buyerLine 202 is new loan amountLine 203 is for active loans buyer will assume or pay to seller.Line 204 thru 209 is for misc. attribute to buyer as agreed to up-front.Lines 210 thru 219 are for credits to buyer from seller for taxes, etc.Line 220 is total credits to buyerLine 303 is fight due to or from buyer.

She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron :: She Walks in Beauty Poem Poetry

She Walks in Beauty by skipper Byron there is a spectacular use of assonance in the first rime here- look at the rime words night, skies, bright, eyes ... analogous vowel throughout ... so the whole stanza rimes ababab but assonates aaaaaa this kind of double-effect was extremely prized by keats, shelley and Byron, on the whole of whom took the technical side of writing poetry extrememly seriously.Lord Byron describes a night (associated with sadness) with bright stars (light) and compares this woman to that night. She brings together these opposites in her yellowish pink and creates a tender light. Not a light like the daytime, since he describes that as gaudy (showy in a vulgar way), but a light that heaven doesnt even honor the daytime with. Byrons diction in this song is quite metaphorical. She walks in beauty, like the night / Of cloudless climes and comet-like skies ( draw offs 1-2 ). His use of imagery has allowed us to visualize an atmosphere that surrounds this wom an. The imagery he uses also brings together two opposing forces, darkness and light which kit and caboodle quite well together as one united force. We stack visualize a dark sky filled bright stars, a perfect picture for an ideal evening, which can be compared to his picture of a perfect woman. This woman, as well as the night, contains opposite features within her. And all that s best of dark and bright / Meet in her locution and her eyes ( creases 3-4 ). The joining of these opposite forces can be associated with internal aspects of this woman. Although this poem begins with a description of a woman walking, there are non any images of her body. Byron continuously refers to her hair and face. These lines work well because they employ an enjambed line as well as a metrical substitution a momentary change in the regular meter of the poem. When poets enjamb a line and use a metrical substitution at the beginning of the near line, they are calling attention to something that is a key to a poem. present Byron substitutes a trochaic foot (an accented syllable followed by an unaccented one) for the iambic foot at the start of the fourth line. Why? Because he is position particular emphasis on that word meet. He is emphasizing that the uncommon feature of this woman is her ability to contain opposites within her the best of dark and bright / meet in her.