How Does the Phonology of a One Year Old Differ

How does the phonology of a integrity year doddery differ from that of a two-three year of age(predicate)? Describe the main changes to be expected over the frontmost year of word call. A nipper between one and three long time undergoes considerable increase in their phonological ability (Ingram, 1986). They adopt specific phonological processes and it will be explored when and how children use these to attain accurate pronunciations and how individual differences affect phonological nurture. Grunwell (1981) apprises that the first six months of productive langu get on with development (0. 9-1. years) is word-based, because of the limited phonetic variants and forward changes in pronunciation. However, he suggests 1. 6-2. 0 years is the end of the first breaker point of speech development, which is co-occurrent with the achievement of an active vocabulary of 50 wrangling. Menn & amp Vihman (2011) suggest that these early words parallel babbling, in that they are characte rised by unstarred elements and structures, such as plosives, nasals and glides simple vowels and CV structures. This stage of development in a childs inventory may be characterised as a proto- administration, as the child-forms do not resemble adult words (Grunwell, 1981).However, the childs early phonetic inventory ( hold over 1) suggests that the child has a basic contrastive system and indicates that their phonological system has commenced, which will gossip an increase in new words and the emergence of two-word utterances (Grunwell, 1981). m n p b t d w Table 1 A phonetic inventory of a child 1. 6-2. 0 years (Grunwell, 1981). Grunwell (1981) presents a chronology of phonological processes (p175) which reflects a childs phonological development in terms of the disappearance of simplifying processes between 2. 0-4. years. These processes are summarised in table 2 and show that reduplication and consonant harmony are the totally structural simplification processes outgrown by age two, which agree with the findings of Vihman & Greenlee (1987). morphological simplification is generally typical of the earlier stage of phonological development (Vihman, 2004). However, phonological processes final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, fronting, gliding and stopping are regularly used by children until nearly age three, with less consonant use thereafter (Vihman et al, 1986).Vihman (2004) states that half of her three-year-old subjects used gliding and palatal fronting, just now the substitution of inter-dental fricatives were regularly used by all subjects and are associated with the highest frequency of errors. Table 2 suggests that velar fronting in particular is the first general simplification to be outgrown, at 2. 6 years. Despite this, it shows that obstruents do not occur in a childs inventory until age three, and that these must be mastered before obstruent and liquid clusters can be produced correctly (Vihman, 2004).Vihman & Greenlee (1987 ) show that the specific phonetic tendencies found at age one seem to be unrelated to the phonological errors at age three and suggest that phonetic preferences change over time. Vihman (2004) suggests that children with an exploratory approach to phonological development explore a wide cathode-ray oscilloscope of sounds at age one and were more likely to delete consonants at age three, whereas children with a systematic approach constrain their word excerption patterns at age one and are less likely to use whole-word processes at age three (Vihman, 2004).However, Vihman & Greenlee (1987) show that 73% of childrens utterances at age three were judged intelligible, which correlates with lower phonological error scores. In conclusion, individual differences are a significant in ones phonological system and problematic in generalising normal developments. However, a three year old child will have overall relative phonological work up (Vihman & Greenlee, 1987) and the majority of simplifying phonological processes used at age one will no longer apply regularly (Vihman, 2004). References Grunwell, P. 1981) The development of phonology A Desciptive Profile. First Language. 2 161-191 Ingram, D (1986) Ch10 phonological Development Production. In Fletcher, P & Garman, M. Language acquisition pp223-239 CUP UK 2nd translation Menn, L. & Vihman, M. M. (2011) Part V Features in Phonological development Features in Child Phonology Inherent, Emergent, or Artefacts of Analysis? In Clements, N. G & Ridouane, R (Ed) Where do Phonological Features Come From? Cognitive, Physical and developmental bases of classifiable speech categories. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p259-303 Vihman, M. M (2004) Ch3 Later Phonological Development. In Bernthal, J. E & Bankson, N. W, Articulation and Phonological Disorders, pp105-138. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. fifth Edition. Vihman, M. M. , Ferguson, A. & Elbert, M (1986) Phonological development from babbli ng to speech common land tendencies and individual differences. Applied Pyscholinguistics, 7 3-40 Vihman, M. M. & Greenlee, M. (1987) Individual Differences in Phonological Development Ages one and three years Journal of speech and hearing research. 30 503-521