Criminal Justice Trends Paper

For the previous(prenominal) 50 years, the Statess sorry justice arranging has encountered several significant changes dealing with courts and policing. According to Marion and Oliver (2006), the historic Supreme Court rulings like Mapp v. Ohio and Miranda v. Arizona mold the panache courts and legal philosophy enforce custodyt handle idiosyncratics charged with committing evils. This paper will discuss the evolution of courts and impartiality enforcement reflects the diverse and changing need for todays population which is commencement exercise importance, the urgency for cooperation and communication among savage justice agencies and justice enforcement within the country.Individuals mustiness know the importance for courts and natural law force to collaborate closely together for the object of ensuring exclusively laws atomic number 18 applied fair and equ exclusivelyy, protect the public, and prevent crimes for each(prenominal) individuals. Police History Befor e the 13th century the primary procedure of justice during this century was getting revenge in other separate of the world in the same century do attempts to institute law and order in countries, such as Greece, Rome, and Egypt (NCWC, 2004). From 1066-1285 the Frankpledge of this time was the wholly constitution of justice in the English-speaking world (NCWC, 2004).The Frankpledge goernance went by other name as well its name was the tithing system, which was the same as tithing in church. This system was to seduce 10% of ho utilizehold earnings every Sunday, and a conjunction of 10 separate households had the obligation to control its own law and order. If any man had knowledge of a crime it was his obligation to take part in things and taking part in the search of the perpetrator (NCWC, 2004). In time the tithing system world evolve into another system and its name was cognize as the parish constable-watch system (NCWC, 2004).The fresh system had a different method the c ommunity would put forward 1 individual of the tithing system to serve for one-year as the constable. One duty of the constable was to excrete other men in the community to perform duties at darkness the name of this situation was watchman (NCWC, 2004). These watchmen had to hold up in rural locations, which made up 10 things that were also known as one or 100ths would make up the shire (NCWC, 2004). Each shire community would appoint what was known as a shire-reeve or sheriff. In England around 1326 justices of the quiet became the new title to replace the name shire-reeve (NCWC, 2004).One adoption of the American colonies was in large quantities English policing and the rebirth of the sheriffs position. Many of the early police segments had only two positions day and night military force, and in 1845 many cities in American police departments were run by police chiefs (NCWC, 2004). Copying many of Englands reforms and innovations were policies the Americans would adapt for its own use. Of the many adaptations, the one to notice most (NCWC, 2004) is the Bowe drive focusing Runner or known as the creation of the detective position in 1748 (NCWC, 2004).In 1829 Sir Robert Peel of England wrote the first set of policing principles for the metropolitan police department of London England. One principle was to become more proactive kinda of reactive this gave birth to the patrol officer a principle American police would adopt (NCWC, 2004). righteousness enforcement has had many trial and errors (NCWC, 2004) in ontogenesis crime prevention programs. The best system to date is the creation of community policing, which began in the 1990s. The History of CourtsIn 1781 America became a nation with George Washington defeating manufacturer Cornwallis in Yorktown. One change dealing with colonial times, the get together States courts has positive their own way to deal with social conscience and needs from the new nation. According to Currie (1992), the Six th Amendment guarantees a public and speedy trial and informs all charges with a jury trial. Throughout history citizens were called to settle disputes, todays juries are considered the hybrids of European, Roman, Greek, and Egyptian jury practices.The jury system in America is also influence by the English jury system. Another one of Americas constitutional right is imputable carry out which is the radical for fairness that is important in the discriminative system which allows our system to work with honor and integrity. According to Currie (1992), the factors of due offshoot involve the unify States governance Amendments V, and XIV and in 1970 Illinois State Constitution adopted some rights for due process. For the past seven and half centuries due process was the mission of men persistent to create justice in the government.The federal courts for years use a method of suspended sentencing as a form of probation which in 1916 the Supreme Court ruled this was unconstitution al. President Coolidge in 1925 signed the Probation forge that gives the courts permission to throw out imposition sentencing and give the suspect probation. The Speedy Trial Act was enacted by congress in1974 at the point the United States Courts started the effect of Pretrial Service. The mission of this was to decrease crime by allowing individuals to be release into the community awaiting trial to decrease pretrial conference punishment.In 1982 the Pretrial Services Act was signed by President Reagan. The extending use of Pretrial Services to all federal courts started a specific milepost that we now know as Pretrial Service and Federal Probation system. As of today, officers are involved in the bend procedure one the individual is arrested until the individual finish community regulations. Analysis of Courts and Policing Past and Present Law enforcement has gone through many challenges and changes since its inception in the 13th century.In the past 50 years to the present l aw enforcement has grown from just a few law enforcement agencies to many as many as 18, 760 departments with personnel amassing 940, 275, and a budget of $51 billion dollars these agencies share (NCWC, 2004). This is a collection of data taken in 2000 by a number of police departments in the United States (NCWC, 2004). This collection of data reports that the Justice and Treasury departments has 60 federal police departments, highway patrol has 26 departments, 23 situate police departments, and Hawaii is the only state without a police department, however does control a public safety department (NCWC, 2004).In addition 35 states have other agencies with special investigative barons, which have its limits (NCWC, 2004). Throughout the United States (NCWC, 2004) Sheriff departments have well over 3, 000 department, and municipalities with well over 15, 000 police departments. The United States is the only country with many law enforcement agencies, and no one agency functions or has the same kind of depart psychic structure (NCWC, 2004). Much of the prospective of policing depends largely on the education of its personnel.The education of new recruits is essential for the way police will perform. Improving human relations and developing a strong sense of new technology is of supreme importance for policing in the future to become a success. Contemporary Opportunity Analysis With over 18,000 contemporary Law Enforcement agencies today designated more titles, roles, and responsibilities among its personnel depending on the legal power mainly local and state police operated.Law enforcements maintains a leading(p) role in controlling crime yet professionalism and ensuring due process for every person accused of a crime regardless of demographics entirely in todays criminal justice system race, age, gender, mental status, and prison over-capacity are factors affecting policy-making. As (Smith, 1990) proclaimed (The greatest judicial pressure for police refor m and professionalization came with the controversial decisions defining criminal defendants rights during the Warren era. ).Rehabilitation programs became a valuable resource and alternative to incarceration in many criminal cases which coincide with community policing. In comparison, law enforcement and the courts have the opportunity to make changes to policies both are policy-makers within the system with a set of rules for making decisions in which is usually the focus of a unmarried issue (Marlon & Oliver, 2006). The new laws put in to place by the high courts affects all players including police investigations through courts and cry in the criminal justice system because policies can be in written or verbal form and not all policies are effective.According to (Yackle, the Courts policy decisions affecting criminal justice are produced by the votes of the ix justices who select, hear, decide, and issue opinions in cases. With the demands from the public weighing heavy on the backs of the higher(prenominal) courts to change, enhance, block, or remove ineffective policies affects the criminal justice system as a direct result of conflicting problems or abuse of power by those in authority. Opportunities and Missed Opportunities for CooperationThe courts and the police have a great opportunity to work with defendants in the process from arrest to the trial if the nonessential goes to trial. From the adult defendants down to the juvenile defendants and with the court system down to the criminal justice system can play an important role in the process for the defendants. on that point are opportunities for both sides to improve on the depth psychology of the problem what makes the defendant do what he or she does again and again to end up in the criminal justice system, i. e. social standing(a) or environment (Williams, 2013).When it comes to the courts and the police there should be clean up goals, objectives and priorities when it comes to the pro cess from arrest to trial and the communications between both sides should be clear. There should be improved programs and services to support the victim, the victims family and the defendant by the police and the courts. The main goal of the courts and the police is communications and having clear goals and the opportunities for cooperation will be there and there will not be any missed opportunities for cooperation.One complete criminal justice system workings together for the improvement of the justice system as a whole, that should be the focus and the goal clearly now and in the future (Williams, 2013). oddment The American Colonists used the English Policing and Judicial systems as the basis to establish our own systems when they established America as a new fledged nation. When we borrowed Englands Policing and Judicial systems many items were changed and modernized to fit our needs. Sir Robert Peel is known today as the father of modern policing around the world.His set o f principles for the Metropolitan Police Force of London led to modernization and professionalization of our police forces here in America. The court system that we borrowed from England was in no way perfect, so we changed our laws with the introduction and passage of the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and fourteenth constitutional amendments. These amendments make the American Judicial System one that focuses on Due Process and ensures that all defendants are innocent until proven guilty. Today many nations model our policing and judicial systems, which is a tribute to the American Criminal Justice System.