Impact of Conflict on Human Capital Development

Impact of Conflict on gracious beings cracking DevelopmentLiving Amid Conflict and its Implications to Human Capital DevelopmentBy Alexander Ken P. LibranzaIntroductionThe adverse effects of the outbreak and income tax return of remainder can be dangerous because of its long- line economical implications that may force a country into a vicious cycle of pitiful forgiving bang-up increment and contrast (Kim et al, 2010). A common back up among recent literature suggests that contravention destroys the process of accumulating physical and serviceman capital, which deteriorates the dig up force and in turn affects institutional capacity (Justino, 2011 Nkurunziza, 2008 Serneels et al, 2010). Most investigatees on civil wars and gird strife has been concentrate on the macro-level of analysis, as remark by Stewart Valpy (2001), that largely address the economic and social consequences concentrating on the prevalence of underdevelopment among fight-affected countr ies. However, very few researchers talk about the micro-level impacts of conflicts on kinsperson and individual. unity possible reason is the unavailability of household-level data in conflict-affected countries. Second, even when such(prenominal) data argon available the reliability of the source and the sample is to a fault being questioned. Although, empirical works argon growing, the increasing micro-level researches has been greatly focused on the effects of war to household victuals standards and trail impacts of assails that involves narratives of individuals in conflict beas. Very limited works has addressed the long term effects of violent conflict on nipperren and child development, most peculiarly on the Philippine context.Drawing on a review of two(prenominal) theoretical and empirical literature, this root frames the connection between fortify conflict and kind-hearted capital development within a conceptual modeling in which the accumulation of food and education and levels of human development argon linked. This paper further shows that while armed conflict might be caused by many factors, low levels of human development increase the risks of conflict outbreaks and recurrence.Figure 1 Adopted from Kim Conceio (2010), The Economic Crisis, Violent Conflict, and Human DevelopmentFigure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. This framework suggests a self-reinforcing cycle from the roots and cause of armed conflict to low human capital development, and vice versa. The decade-long armed conflict in the Philippines is a certainty of this loop. Concentrated in rural areas, variations of insecurities and force play has affected communities especially children and women who are forced to suffer physical and psychological trauma as consequences from shooting, combat operations, and rights abuse. While conflict maybe caused by many factors, Risser (2007) traces its roots to the issues of impoverishment, economic distribution disp arities, and scarcity of state social and welfare services. These becomes a puzzle because it limits access to health care services and basic education which is deprecative for the accumulation of physical, social, and human capital.The framework further notes that a country experiencing conflict cannot secure long term returns for investments in both physical and human capital, resulting in low investment in health and education which caterpillar track to low levels of human development. A country with low levels of human development has a difficulty in improving institutions which lowers productivity and potential growth. As such, lower growth rates heighten the risk of conflict, potentially confine a country in a self-reinforcing cycle of conflict, low human development, and vice versa (Kim Conceicao, 2010).In the period of 2001-2005, IBON Foundation monitored 1,061 armed confrontations between the giving medication forces and various armed groups and recorded 569 killing of innocent, unarmed civilians 52 of which are minors under 18-years old, 63 women, and 199 who were killed during the crossfire. Over the last decade, millions of children were killed in armed conflicts all over the world (Machel, 1996). While others are exploited as soldiers and exposed to extreme brutality and violence (Camacho, 2003). It is estimated that 45 percent of the direct victims of armed conflict are 15 years old and younger. more thanover, thither were 819 incident of human rights violations involving children from 2001 to April 2005. Children suffered effects of sexual violence, harassment and psychological trauma, intimidation, illegitimate detention, and exposure to hunger and disease. There were 75 cases of children who were orphaned when their parents were killed during the conflict, however this identification number may be underreported due to the lack of data, limited information, and unreliability of the sources. picture to actual combats and being caught in the crossfire of battles has left them physically disabled, emotionally scarred, and psychologically traumatized which are detrimental in accumulating the proper human and social capital to become well-adjusted and productive workers.This research relates to various fields in the literature, in particular for development economics, health and viands, and education. I briefly reference point below the key areas in the mentioned field of study that motivates this research. First is on the effected link between economic conditions and conflict. There has been a great deal of work analyzing the causal effects of conflict and war. Most of these studies extensively focused on establishing a strong link between poverty to armed conflict and violence (Justino, 2006 Justino, 2009 Miguel et al., 2004). Macro-level analysis, as noted by Stewart, F. Valpy F. (2001), has provided an sixth sense on the economic and social consequences of conflict focusing on the prevalence of underdevelo pment among conflict-affected countries. However, there has been limited number of studies focusing at the micro-level impacts of conflicts on household and individual. The increasing micro-level data has been greatly focused on the effects of war to household living standards, direct impacts of combats, and very limited on children and child development especially on the Philippine context.Second is the relationship of health to socio-economic characteristics, and its implications to consumption patterns. Serdan (2008) gave an overview of how armed conflict affects food intakes, food availability, and a the whole way measurement indicators of nutritional outcomes for children. In addition, Straus and Thomas (2008) noted how health and nutrition affects the accumulation of human capital, as well as its positive effects to productivity and living standards.Third is relating nutrition to faculty member performance. In fact, academician performance and nutrition, as important elemen ts in the accumulation of proper human and social capital, has been the subject of the growing literature demonstrating the long term impacts of conflict to the productivity of the workforce, their upbeat, as well as living standards (Thomas, 2007 Berhman et al., 2004 Malluccio et al., 2006, Serdan, 2008). Furthermore, a firm agreement establishes health as an important factor for determining the well-being of the population which affects shoal, income, and labor force participation (Serdan, 2008 Alderman et al., 2006 Shemyakina, 2006 Swee 2009). In all, existing researches are clear the effects or armed conflict and violence map out a significant challenge to the health and education systems. This further qualifies both the short-term and long-term economic implications of armed conflict to the different sectors of the economy.This paper examines the possible causal effects of armed conflict and violence on health outcomes and education of children. In particular, I analyzed if the exposure to armed conflict and violence has a differential effect on the nutrition and academic performance of conflict-affected children, and comparing these results to those children from non-armed conflict areas.When it comes to peace development, this quantitative research will contribute to the lack of data around conflict-affected areas towards creating an impact mind for conflict and post-conflict rehabilitation programs. The main issue is the gap between academic studies and practitioner works that has been due to the limited information and reliance on sources of data from mass media and humanitarian monitoring mechanism. I want to establish a closer link between academic studies and policy qualification in conflict-affected areas.The paper seek to assess how armed conflict and violence affect the health and education of children living in conflict areas. More specifically, this research looks into the anthropometric indicators that would suggest disruptions on the n utritional intakes, academic performance, and schooling of children. In doing so, the study evaluates the current status of health and education of children living amid conflict and violence, and compares the nutritional outcomes and academic performance of children from armed conflict areas to non-armed conflict areas.LIBRANZA 1